Bolivia

Bolivia is the landlocked country located in the western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the south east, Argentina to the south, Chile to the south west, and Peru to the west. The seat of the government and Administrative Capital is La Paz, which contains the executive, lagislative and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Source, the seat of the judiciary. The largest city the principal industrial center is Santa, Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales (tropical lowlands), a mostly flat region in the east of the country. The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state, divided into nine departments. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the west, to the Eastern Lowlands, situated whithin the Amazon besin. One- third of the country is whithin the Andean mountain renge, with 1098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mi) of area, Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America, after Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Colombia (and alongside peraguay, one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas ), the 27th largest in the world, the largest landlocked country , after Kazakhstan, Mangolia, Chad, Niger, Mali, and Ethiopia The country is population, estimated at 12 million, multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians,and Africans. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous language aslo have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, and Quechua language.

Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of Inca Empire, while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by indipendent tribes. Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cusco and Asuncion took control of the region in the 16th century. During the Spanish colonial period Bolivia was administered by the real Audiencia of Charcas. Spain built its empire large part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivia’s mines. After the first call for independence in 1809, 16 year of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simon Bolivar. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th century Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories neighboring countries including the seizer of its coastline by chile in 1879 and Acre territory to Brazil.

Bolivia experienced a succession of military and civilian government until 1971, when Hugo,Banzer led a CIA- supported coup d’etat that replaced the socialist government of Juan Jose Torres with the military dictatorship. Banzer’s regime cracked down on left -wing socialist opposition and the other forms of dissent, resulting in the torture and deaths of a number of Bolivian citizens. Banzer was ousted in 1978 and later returned as the democratically elected president of Bolivia from 1997 to 2001. Under the 2006-2019 presidency Evo Morales the country saw significant economic growth the political stability

Modern Bolivia is a charter member of the UN, IMF, NAM, OAS, ACTO, Bank of the South, ALBA, USAN. Bolivia remains the second poorest country in South America, though it has slashed poverty rates has the fastest growing economy in South America ( in terms of GDP). It is the developing country.its mains economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing,mining, and manufacturing goods such as textiles, clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very rich in minerals, including tin, silver, lithium, and copper. Around AD 400, Tiwanaku went from being a locally dominant force to a predatory state. Tiwanaku expended its reaches into the Yungas and brought it’s culture and way of life to many other cultures in Peru , Bolivia, and Chile. Tiwanaku was not a violent culture in many respects. To expend it’s reach, Tiwanaku Excercised great political astuteness, creating colonies, fostering trade agreement ( which made the other cultures rather depends ), and instituting state cults.The Spanish conquest of the Inca empire began in 1524 and was mostly completed by 1533. The territory now call Bolivia was known as Charcas, and was the under the authority of the viceroy of Peru in Lime. Local government came from the audience de Charcas located in chuquisaca(La Plata- modern sucre). Founded in 1545 as a mining town, potosi soon produced fabulous wealth, becoming the largest city in the new World with the population exceeding 150,000 people. The struggle for independence started in the city of sucre on 25 may 1809 and the Chuquisaca Revaluation (Chuquisaca was then the name of the city) is known as the first cry of freedom in Latin America . That Revaluation was followed by the La Paz Revaluation marked the complete split with the Spanish government, while the Chuquisaca Revaluation established a local independent junta in the name of the Spanish King deposed by Nepoleon Bonaparte. Both Revaluation ware sort- lived defeated by the Spanish authorities in viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata, but the following year the Spanish American wars of independence ranged across the continent.