SKILL INDIA

[10/15, 22:27] SKILL INDIA: Malibu is a city west of Los Angeles, California. It’s known for itscelebrity homes and beaches, including wide and sandy Zuma Beach. To the east is MalibuLagoon State Beach, known as Surfrider Beach for its waves. Nearby is the SpanishRevival–style Adamson House, with local history displays in its Malibu Lagoon Museum. Inland,trails weave through canyons, waterfalls and grasslands in the Santa Monica Mountains.ThePacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) traverses the city and has led most residents to settleanywhere from half a mile (0.8 km) to within a few hundred yards of it, with some residents livingup to one mile (1.6 km) away from the beach in areas featuring narrow canyons. As of the 2020census, the city’s population was 10,654.Malibu is noted for its beaches. The many parks withinthe Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area lie along the ridges above the city alongwith local parks including Las Flores Creek Park, Legacy ParkTrancas Canyon Park.The city isbounded by the Santa Monica Mountains to the north, Topanga to the east, Solromar to thewest, and the ocean to the south. Signs around the city boast of its “21 miles of scenic beauty”in reference to the incorporated city limits. In 2017, the signs were updated from the historical27-mile (43 km) length of the Malibu coast spanning from Tuna Canyon on the southeast toPoint Mugu in Ventura County on the northwest. Many residents of the unincorporated canyonareas are included in the Malibu ZIP code, as the city has their closest commercialcenters.Malibu is named for the Ventureño Chumash settlement of Humaliwo, which means “thesurf sounds loudly”. This pre-colonial village was next to Malibu Lagoon and is now part of theState Park.Humaliwo was next to Malibu Lagoon and an important regional center in prehistorictimes. The village, which is identified as CA-LAN-264, was occupied from approximately 2500BCE. It was the second-largest Chumash coastal settlement by the Santa Monica Mountains,after Muwu (Point Mugu).Humaliwo was considered an important political center, but there were additional minorsettlements in the area. One village, Ta’lopop, was a few miles up Malibu Canyon from MalibuLagoon. Research shows that Humaliwo had ties to other pre-colonial villages, including Hipuk (in Westlake Village), Lalimanux (by Conejo Grade) and Huwam (in Bell Canyon).ColonizerJuan Rodríguez Cabrillo is believed to have moored at Malibu Lagoon, at the mouth of MalibuCreek, to obtain fresh water in 1542. The Spanish presence returned with the California missionsystem, and the area was part of Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit—a 13,000-acre (53 km2) landgrant—in 1802. Baptismal records list 118 individuals from Humaliwo. That ranch passed intactto Frederick Hastings Rindge in 1891. He and his wife, Rhoda May Knight Rindge, staunchlyprotected their land. After his death, May guarded their property zealously by hiring guards toevict all trespassers and fighting a lengthy court battle to prevent the building of a SouthernPacific railroad line through the ranch. Interstate Commerce Commission regulations would notsupport a railroad condemning property in order to build tracks that paralleled an existing line,so Frederick Rindge built his own railroad through his property first. He died, and May followedthrough with the plans, building the Hueneme, Malibu and Port Los Angeles Railway. The linestarted at Carbon Canyon, just inside the ranch’s property eastern boundary, and ran 15 mileswestward, past Pt. Dume.Most of the Big Rock Drive area was bought in 1936 by WilliamRandolph Hearst, who considered building an estate on the property. In 1944, he sold the lowerhalf of his holdings there to Art Jones, one of Malibu’s prominent early realtors, starting with theinitial leases of Rindge land in Malibu Colony. He also owned or partly owned the Malibu Inn,Malibu Trading Post, and the Big Rock Beach Cafe (now Moonshadows restaurant). PhiliipMcAnany owned 80 acres (32 ha) in the upper Big Rock area, which he purchased in 1919, andhad two cabins there, one of which burned in a brush fire that swept through the area in 1959,and the other in the 1993 Malibu fire. McAnany Way is named after him.The incorporation drivegained impetus in 1986, when the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors approved plans fora regional sewer that would have been large enough to serve 400,000 people in the westernSanta Monica Mountains. Residents were incensed that they would be assessed taxes and feesto pay for the sewer project, and feared that the Pacific Coast Highway would need to bewidened into a freeway to accommodate growth that they did not want. The supervisors foughtthe incorporation drive and prevented the residents from voting, a decision that was overturnedin the courts.The city councils in the 1990s were unable to write a Local Coastal Plan (LCP) that preservedenough public access to satisfy the California Coastal Commission, as required by the CaliforniaCoastal Act. The state Legislature eventually passed a Malibu-specific law that allowed theCoastal Commission to write an LCP for Malibu, thus limiting the city’s ability to control manyaspects of land use. Because of the failure to adequately address sewage disposal problems inthe heart of the city, the local water board ordered Malibu in November 2009 to build a sewageplant for the Civic Center area. The city council has objected to that solution.Malibu’s eastern end borders the community of Topanga, which separates it from the city of LosAngeles.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19.8 square miles (51km2), over 99% of it land.Paradise Cove, Pirates Cove, Trancas, and Encinal Bluffs are along the coast in Malibu. PointDume forms the northern end of the Santa Monica Bay, and Point Dume Headlands Parkaffords a vista stretching to the Palos Verdes Peninsula and Santa Catalina Island. Like all California beaches, Malibu beaches are technically public land below the mean high tideline. Many large public beaches are easily accessible, but such access is sometimes limited forsome of the smaller and remoter beaches.Various environmental elements collectively create arecipe for natural disasters: the mountainous and geologically unstable terrain; seasonalrainstorms that result in dense vegetation growth; seasonal dry Santa Ana winds; and anaturally dry topography and climate.Malibu’s dry brush and steep clay slopes make it prone to fires, floods, and mudslides.One of the most problematic side effects of the fires that periodically rage through Malibu is thedestruction of vegetation, which normally provides some degree of topographical stability to theloosely packed shale and sandstone hills during periods of heavy precipitation. Rainstormsfollowing large wildfires can thus cause mudslides, in which water-saturated earth and rockmoves quickly down mountainsides, or entire slices of mountainside abruptly detach and falldownward.After the 1993 wildfire stripped the surrounding mountains of their earth-hugging chaparral,torrential rainstorms in early 1994 caused a massive mudslide near Las Flores Canyon thatclosed down the Pacific Coast Highway for months. Thousands of tons of mud, rocks, and waterrained down on the highway. The destruction to property and infrastructure was exacerbated bythe road’s narrowness at that point, with beachside houses abutting the highway with little or nofrontage land as a buffer to the mudslide.Mudslides can occur at any time in Malibu, whether arecent fire or rainstorm has occurred or not. Pacific Coast Highway, Kanan-Dume Road, andMalibu Canyon road (as well as many other local roads) have all been prone to manysubsequent mudslide-related closures. During any period of prolonged or intense rain, Caltranssnowplows patrol most canyon roads in the area, clearing mud, rocks, and other debris from theroads. Such efforts keep most roads passable, but it is nevertheless typical for one or more ofthe major roads leading into and out of Malibu to be temporarily closed during the rainyseason.Malibu is within 50 miles (80 km) of the San Andreas Fault, a fault over 800 miles (1,300km) long that can produce an earthquake over magnitude 8. Several faults are in the region,making the area prone to earthquakes.The 1994 Northridge earthquake and the 1971 Sylmar earthquake (magnitudes 6.7 and 6.6,respectively) shook the area. Smaller earthquakes happen more often.The Census reported that12,504 people (98.9% of the population) lived in households, 126 (1.0%) lived innon-institutionalized group quarters, and 15 (0.1%) were institutionalized.There were 5,267 households, out of which 1,379 (26.2%) had children under the age of 18living in them, 2,571 (48.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 403 (7.7%) hada female householder with no husband present, 222 (4.2%) had a male householder with nowife present. There were 269 (5.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 49 (0.9%)same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,498 households (28.4%) were made up ofindividuals, and 501 (9.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. Theaverage household size was 2.37. There were 3,196 families (60.7% of all households); theaverage family size was 2.87. There were 2,366 people (18.7%) under the age of 18, 1,060 people (8.4%) aged 18 to 24,2,291 people (18.1%) aged 25 to 44, 4,606 people (36.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,322 people(18.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.8 years. For every 100females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.0males.There were 6,864 housing units at an average density of 346.2 per square mile (133.7/km2), ofwhich 3,716 (70.6%) were owner-occupied, and 1,551 (29.4%) were occupied by renters. Thehomeowner vacancy rate was 2.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 11.9%. 9,141 people (72.3% ofthe population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 3,363 people (26.6%) lived in rentalhousing units.According to the 2010 United States Census, Malibu had a median household income of$133,869, with 10.6% of the population living below the federal poverty line.There were 5,137households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% weremarried couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and38.4% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% hadsomeone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39and the average family size was 2.86.In the city, 19.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25to 44, 32.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over,there were 95.6 males.The median income for a household in the city was $102,031, and the median income for afamily was $123,293. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $46,919 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $74,336. About 3.2% of families and 7.6% of the populationwere below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 1.1% of those age 65 orover.German and English were the most common ancestries. Canada and the United Kingdom werethe most common foreign places of birth.