Skill India

Study of Nematodes

Order tylenchida and aphelenchida class adenophorea the amphids open behind the head i.e. post labial the oesophagus is generally cylindrical with an enlarged glandular base the caudal glands are present The plasmid are present the phasmids are absent the male tail lacks a busa but posses the genital papillae mesentrial tissue s are well developed

order tylenchida and aphelenchida class adenophorea the amphids open behind the head i.e. post labial the oesophagus is generally cylindrical with an enlarged glandular base the phasmids are absent the phasmids are absent the male tail lacks a bursa but possessses a genital papillae mesentrial tissue culture are well developed excretory system lacks lateral canal and excretory duct ends in a cell.

ordee dorylaimida the most taxonomists directly classes into order and proposed 11 orders 5 under secernentea and 6vunder adenophorea here the classification of phyto nematodes with some modifications according to khan the orders tylenchida aphelenchida and dorylaimida include the plant parasitic nematodes.

Order tylenchida

stoma has protrusible stomato stylet three part oesophagus the caudal alae is not provided by ribs cuticle has distinct annulation the order tylenchida is reviewed into two suborder s namely tylenchida and criconematina

sub order tylenchida dorsal oesophageal gland open s into the lumen of oesophagus anterior to median bulb near the stylet base males often have bursa median bulb is round and us not occupting the whole body diameter if comprises three super families as follow

super family tylenchida super hoplolaimoidea super family heteroderoidea. super family tylenchida procorpus and median bulb separate d by more or less pronounced constriction the terminal bulb well developed they are ecto or migratory parasite s and both sexes are vermiform birsa generally present often large the eggs are not deposited in gelatinous matrix in include s following families

1. family tylenchida, e. g . tylenchus
2. family tylenchorhynchidae e. g . tulenchoryhnchis
3. family Neotyle chidae
4. Family Anguinidae e.g. anuguina tritici ditylenchus

Super family Hoplolaimoidea

body annulations strongly developed the stylet is strong with prominent basal knobs head sclerotization is distinct the oesophageal glands overlap the intestine the caudal alar extended to the tail tip . the female may be vermiform or swollen while males are vermiform.

it include s following families

family dolichodoridae ex dolicjodorus belonolaimus

family hoplolaimidae ex hoplolaimis rotulenchus rotulenchulus family pratylenchidae pratylenchus radopholus hirschmanniella family nacobbibae e.g nacobbus.

super family heteroderoidea

the female are saccate pryiform or lemon shaled sessile and males are vermi6the tail is short and without candal alae jn males females with two ovaries and males and have terminal spicules the eggs may be retained in the female body which turn s into cysts kr deposited in gelatinous matrix there is pronounced sexual dimorphism it has the following families

family heteroderoidea example cysts forming nematodes heterodera and globodera family meloidogynidae example meloidogyne

sub order criconematina

the procorpus and median bulb confluent larhe and terminal bulb is small the valeve in media bulb is preseng the males often have reduced stylet and oesophagus or ven these may be absent rectum snd anus are poorly developed the cuticle is generally strongly striated with annules.

the female s habe strongly developed and elongated stylet the vulva is situated at posterior end and ovary id monodelphic the bursa may be absent or poorly developed it consists of following two super families super family criconematoudea super family tylenchuloidea

super family criconematoidea

coarse cuticle with annulation s large annules sometimes with spines or scale like projection s in some nematode s the cuticle sheath is present the afult female is about stout but vermiform.the length ranges from 0.1 fo 0.2 mm it includes following families family criconematoidea example criconema , and criconemoidea family hemicycliomatidae example hemicycliophora and hemicriconemoides.

super family tylenchida t

the cuticular annulations are fine or very thick the adult females are swollen subsoberical saccate kr elongated the males are with or without stylet the tail is long and bursa us absent the excretory pore is located for backward or in normal position it includes following families family tylenchida example tylenchulus and paratylenchus and family sphaeronsmatidae example trophinema sphaeronema and familt meloudoderjtidae example meloidoderita

order aphelenchida

tbe dorsal oesophageal gland opens within the median bulb of oesophagus the male s are without caudal alae except in apheienchus and metaphelenchus the median bulb is angular and occupying the entire body diameter it includes only one sub order aphelenchina and following teo super families super family aphelenchida and super family aphelenchoidordeq